Classification of Computers
Computers can be classified into various types based on various criteria, including their size, type, purpose, and portability. In this chapter we will discuss some common classifications of computers:
Figure: Classification of Computers based on Size, Type, Purpose, and Portability
A. BASED ON SIZE
Supercomputers
Size: Extremely large systems, often housed in dedicated facilities.
Processing Power: Extremely powerful and high-performance computing systems designed to execute a vast number of calculations per second, measured in floating-point operations per second (FLOPS). Due to the high computational intensity, supercomputers generate significant heat. Therefore, advanced cooling systems, such as liquid cooling, are often employed to manage temperatures.
Applications: Scientific simulations, weather modeling, nuclear research, computational fluid dynamics, and other applications requiring massive computational power.
Examples: Frontier (the World’s fastest supercomputer) and AIRAWAT (India’s fastest supercomputer).
Mainframe Computers
Size: Large systems, often require special housing facilities.
Processing Power: Significant processing power, capable of executing millions of instructions per second (MIPS). Mainframes are optimized for high-performance computing tasks, particularly those requiring extensive input/output operations and complex calculations.
Applications: Enterprise-level data processing, financial transactions, large-scale database management.
Examples:
Mini Computers
Size: Intermediate size, smaller than mainframes but larger than microcomputers.
Processing Power: Moderate processing power, suitable for mid-sized organizations and specific applications.
Applications: Scientific and engineering computations, departmental databases, manufacturing process control.
Examples: DEC VAX, PDP series, Data General Nova.
Microcomputers
Size: Compact and designed for individual or small-group use.
Processing Power: Varies widely, from entry-level to high-performance configurations.
Applications: General-purpose computing, office tasks, gaming, multimedia.
Examples: Desktop computers, laptops, workstations, and personal computers from various manufacturers.
Embedded Computers
Size: Compact; integrated into other devices.
Processing Power: Tailored for specific functions, ranging from low-power to moderate processing capabilities.
Applications: IoT devices, automotive systems, household appliances, industrial control systems.
Examples: Microcontrollers, Raspberry Pi, Arduino.
B. BASED ON TYPE
Digital Computers
Digital computers process and store data using discrete binary digits, commonly known as bits, which can have values of 0 or 1. These computers perform operations through digital logic circuits and store information in binary code, enabling precise calculations and data manipulation. Digital computers are highly versatile and capable of executing a wide range of tasks, from arithmetic computations to complex algorithms and data storage.
All modern computers such as personal computers, mainframes, supercomputers, and smartphones are digital computers.
Analog Computers
Analog computers are a type of computing device that processes continuous data and represents information using physical quantities, such as electrical voltages or mechanical movements. Analog computers are still relevant in specific applications where the continuous nature of analog signals provides a more accurate representation of the underlying processes, such as in certain scientific and engineering simulations.
Hybrid Computers
Hybrid computers leverage the strengths of digital and analog processing. Like digital computers, hybrid systems use binary representation for processing discrete data, employing digital logic circuits and algorithms. Simultaneously, they incorporate analog components to handle continuous data, allowing for real-time interactions and calculations involving physical quantities.
Examples of hybrid computer applications include weather forecasting and certain medical simulations, where the integration of digital and analog processing optimizes performance.
C. BASED ON PURPOSE
General-purpose Computers
General-purpose computers are designed to handle a wide range of tasks and applications, providing users with the flexibility to perform various functions. These computers, such as personal computers (PCs) and laptops, are equipped with a diverse set of hardware and software capabilities, allowing users to engage in activities like word processing, web browsing, multimedia consumption, and software development. Their adaptability and the ability to execute different software applications makes them suitable for everyday use in homes, offices, and educational settings.
Specific-purpose Computers
Specific-purpose computers are designed to excel in particular applications or industries. These computers feature specialized hardware and software configurations that are optimized for specific tasks, offering enhanced efficiency and performance within a focused domain. Examples of specific-purpose computers include embedded systems in appliances and medical equipment.
D. BASED ON PORTABILITY
Figure: Classification of Computers based on Portability
Desktop Computers
Desktop computers are stationary devices designed to sit on a desk. They consist of a separate monitor, keyboard, and processing unit. Due to their lack of portability, they are typically used in fixed locations such as offices or homes.
Laptop Computers
Laptops are compact, all-in-one computers with an integrated display, keyboard, and processing unit. They are designed for portability and can be easily carried from one location to another. Laptops are versatile and commonly used for work, education, and entertainment on the go.
Tablet Computers
Tablets are lightweight, touchscreen devices with no physical keyboard. They are highly portable and convenient for tasks like browsing, reading, and watching videos.
Wearable Computers
Wearable computers, such as smartwatches or smart glasses are extremely portable devices that provide quick access to information and are designed for convenience and constant connectivity.